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they fled away

  • 1 φυγή

    -ῆς + ἡ N 1 0-1-6-2-3=12 2 Sm 18,3; Is 52,12; Jer 26(46),5; 30,30(49,24); 32(25),35
    flight 2 Sm 18,3
    ἐτράπησαν εἰς φυγήν they were put to flight, they fled away Jdt 15,3, see also Jer 30,30(49,24)
    *Na 3,9 τῆς φυγῆς flight-פלט for MT פוט Put (toponym)
    →NIDNTT

    Lust (λαγνεία) > φυγή

  • 2 τρέπω

    + V 2-0-0-0-15=17 Ex 17,13; Nm 14,45; Jdt 15,3; 2 Mc 3,24; 4,37
    A: to turn, to charge, to shift [τι] 4 Mc 7,3
    M: to turn to, to turn in the direction of [πρός τι] 3 Mc 5,3; to turn to [εἴς τι] 4 Mc 1,12; to rout, to put to flight [τινα] Ex 17,13
    P: to be turned to [εἴς τινα] Sir 37,2; id. [εἴς τι] Sir 39,27; id. [ἐπί τι] 2 Mc 9,2; to be moved to [ἐπί τι] 2 Mc 4,37; to be turned into, to be changed in [εἴς τι] 2 Mc 8,5
    ἐτράπησαν εἰς φυγήν they fled away Jdt 15,3 Cf. DORIVAL 1994, 68; LE BOULLUEC 1989, 191
    (→ἀνατρέπω, ἀποτρέπω, διατρέπω, ἐκτρέπω, ἐντρέπω, ἐπιτρέπω, μετατρέπω, περιτρέπω, προσανατρέπω,,)

    Lust (λαγνεία) > τρέπω

  • 3 huir

    v.
    1 to avoid.
    3 to flee from.
    Me huyeron los criminales The criminals fled from me.
    * * *
    (i changes to y before a, e, and o)
    Present Indicative
    huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huís, huyen.
    Past Indicative
    huí, huiste, huyó, huimos, huisteis, huyeron.
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    huye (tú), huya (él/Vd.), huyamos (nos.), huid (vos.), huyan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) fly
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=escapar) to run away, flee liter

    huyó despavorido cuando comenzaron los disparos — he ran away o liter fled in terror when the shooting started

    huyeron a Chipre — they escaped o liter fled to Cyprus

    huir de — [+ enemigo, catástrofe, pobreza] to flee from; [+ cárcel, peligro] to escape from; [+ familia] to run away from

    huir de su casa — [refugiados, civiles] to flee (from) one's home; [adolescente] to run away from home

    huir de la justicia — to fly from justice, fly from the law

    2) (=evitar)

    huir de — [+ protagonismo, publicidad, tópicos] to avoid; [+ calor, frío] to escape, escape from

    3) frm [tiempo] to fly, fly by
    2.
    VT (=esquivar) to avoid
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( escapar) to flee (liter or journ), escape

    huyó de la cárcel/la policía — he escaped from prison/the police

    en cuanto los vió salió huyendo — he ran away o fled when he saw them

    huir del país/de las llamas — to flee the country/from the flames

    2.
    huirse v pron (Méx)

    huirse CON alguien — to run away o off with somebody

    * * *
    = flee, escape, flee + the scene, get away, abscond, make off, lam (it), do + a bunk, flee away, make + a quick getaway.
    Ex. The Ndzevane Refugee Settlement in south eastern Swaziland provides a home to Swazis displaced from South Africa and those fleeing the RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique.
    Ex. Other words may be included in a stop-wordlist for some applications, but escape inclusion in other circumstances.
    Ex. Police are more likely to be killed by rational robbers fleeing the scene of a crime, who routinely use potentially lethal weapons as 'tools of the trade'.
    Ex. Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.
    Ex. Hundreds of prisoners, including murderers, rapists and robbers, have absconded from open prisons since 1999.
    Ex. To pull off the heist, the thief stole a swipe card for the complex before using the wheelchair to make off.
    Ex. Though there were reports Bertollini was lamming it in Ireland, he told Michaud on Friday he never left the country.
    Ex. As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.
    Ex. For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex. Paris and her boyfriend Benji were trying to make a quick getaway from paparazzi and fans when she fell over a step.
    ----
    * emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.
    * hacer huir = drive away, chase + Nombre + off.
    * hacer huir en batalla = route.
    * huir a = run off to.
    * huir de la justicia = lam (it).
    * huir de la opresión = escape + the oppression.
    * huir de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * huir en desbandada = stampede.
    * huir en estampida = stampede.
    * huir en tropel = stampede.
    * salir huyendo = make off, do + a bunk.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( escapar) to flee (liter or journ), escape

    huyó de la cárcel/la policía — he escaped from prison/the police

    en cuanto los vió salió huyendo — he ran away o fled when he saw them

    huir del país/de las llamas — to flee the country/from the flames

    2.
    huirse v pron (Méx)

    huirse CON alguien — to run away o off with somebody

    * * *
    = flee, escape, flee + the scene, get away, abscond, make off, lam (it), do + a bunk, flee away, make + a quick getaway.

    Ex: The Ndzevane Refugee Settlement in south eastern Swaziland provides a home to Swazis displaced from South Africa and those fleeing the RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique.

    Ex: Other words may be included in a stop-wordlist for some applications, but escape inclusion in other circumstances.
    Ex: Police are more likely to be killed by rational robbers fleeing the scene of a crime, who routinely use potentially lethal weapons as 'tools of the trade'.
    Ex: Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.
    Ex: Hundreds of prisoners, including murderers, rapists and robbers, have absconded from open prisons since 1999.
    Ex: To pull off the heist, the thief stole a swipe card for the complex before using the wheelchair to make off.
    Ex: Though there were reports Bertollini was lamming it in Ireland, he told Michaud on Friday he never left the country.
    Ex: As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.
    Ex: For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex: Paris and her boyfriend Benji were trying to make a quick getaway from paparazzi and fans when she fell over a step.
    * emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.
    * hacer huir = drive away, chase + Nombre + off.
    * hacer huir en batalla = route.
    * huir a = run off to.
    * huir de la justicia = lam (it).
    * huir de la opresión = escape + the oppression.
    * huir de la realidad = escape + reality.
    * huir en desbandada = stampede.
    * huir en estampida = stampede.
    * huir en tropel = stampede.
    * salir huyendo = make off, do + a bunk.

    * * *
    huir [ I20 ]
    vi
    1 (escapar) to flee ( literor journ), to escape
    estaba esperando la ocasión propicia para huir he was waiting for the right moment to make his escape o to run away o to escape
    en cuanto vio aparecer a la policía salió huyendo he ran away o fled when he saw the police
    huir DE algo/algn to flee FROM sth/sb
    huyó de las llamas she fled from the flames
    lograron huir de la policía they managed to escape o get away from the police
    huyó de la cárcel/del país he escaped from prison/fled the country
    huye de las aglomeraciones she avoids crowds
    huye de cualquier situación que suponga un enfrentamiento she runs away from any confrontational situation
    huirle A algn to avoid sb
    me huye como a la peste he avoids me like the plague
    ■ huirse
    ( Méx) huirse CON algn; to run away o off WITH sb
    * * *

     

    huir ( conjugate huir) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( escapar) to flee (liter or journ), escape;


    huir del país to flee the country
    b) ( tratar de evitar) huir de algo to avoid sth;

    huirle a algn to avoid sb
    huir verbo intransitivo
    1 (escapar) to run away [de, from], flee: huyeron a Méjico, they fled to México
    está huyendo de la justicia, he's on the run from the law ➣ Ver nota en escape
    2 (esquivar, rehuir) to avoid: huye de las personas, she avoids people
    huyo de esas situaciones, I avoid that kind of situation
    ' huir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    quema
    - ahuyentar
    - arrancar
    - evitar
    - fugarse
    - huya
    - justicia
    English:
    defect
    - flee
    - getaway
    - run
    - desert
    - get
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [escapar] [de enemigo, peligro] to flee (de from);
    huir del país to flee the country;
    huyó a Francia she fled to France;
    los jóvenes que huyen de sus hogares young people who run away from home;
    los aldeanos huían del incendio the villagers were fleeing from the fire;
    el tesorero huyó con varios millones the treasurer ran off with several million;
    se metieron en un taxi huyendo de los periodistas they got into a taxi in an attempt to get away from the journalists
    2. [evadirse] [de cárcel] to escape (de from)
    3.
    huir de algo [evitar] to avoid sth, to keep away from sth;
    siempre huyo de las grandes masas de gente I always try to avoid o stay away from large crowds of people;
    huye de la polémica she steers clear of controversy
    4. [tiempo] to fly by
    ♦ vt
    to avoid;
    me está huyendo últimamente he's been avoiding me lately
    * * *
    I v/i
    1 flee, escape (de from)
    2
    :
    huir de algo avoid sth
    II v/t avoid
    * * *
    huir {41} vi
    1) escapar: to escape, to flee
    2)
    huir de : to avoid
    * * *
    huir vb
    1. (escaparse) to escape
    2. (evitar) to avoid
    huir del país to flee the country [pt. & pp. fled]

    Spanish-English dictionary > huir

  • 4 escaparse

    1 (huir) to escape, run away, get away
    2 (librarse) to escape, avoid
    3 (gas etc) to leak
    4 (autobús etc) to miss
    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=huir) [preso] to escape; [niño, adolescente] to run away

    ven aquí, no te me escapes — come here, don't run away

    • escaparse de — [+ cárcel, peligro] to escape from; [+ jaula] to get out of; [+ situación opresiva] to escape from, get away from

    pelo 7)
    2) (=filtrarse) [gas, líquido] to leak, leak out ( por from)
    3) (=dejar pasar)

    me voy, que se me escapa el tren — I'm going, or I'll miss my train

    se me había escapado ese detalle — that detail had escaped my notice, I had overlooked o missed that detail

    • no se me escapa que... — I am aware that..., I realize that...

    escaparse de las manos —

    la realidad se me escapa de las manos — I'm losing touch with reality, I'm losing my grip on reality

    4) (=dejar salir)
    a) [grito, eructo]

    se le escapó un suspiro de alivio — she breathed o let out a sigh of relief

    b) [dato, noticia]
    5) (=soltarse)
    a) [globo, cometa] to fly away
    b) [punto de sutura] to come undone
    c) (Cos)
    6) (=hacerse público) [información] to leak, leak out
    7) (=olvidarse) to slip one's mind
    * * *
    (v.) = slip away, duck away, run away, fall through + the net, break out, slip out, make off, do + a bunk, flee away, flee, weasel (on/out of), duck out
    Ex. He gradually let his original aims slip away until he was attempting the impossible -- a universal bibliography -- albeit highly selectively.
    Ex. The difficulty for teachers is that they cannot just duck away when children, individually or corporately, are set against what is being asked of them.
    Ex. Street boys like Slake, a dodger used to running away, do not, even when they are myopic and dreamers, allow themselves to bump into lampposts.
    Ex. For several years the library has had a successful arrangement with a local bookstore to supply it with unusual and important local material that would otherwise fall through the net of its collection development effort = Desde hace varios años, la biblioteca mantiene un acuerdo satisfactorio con una librería local para que le suministre fondo local importante y poco común que, de otro modo, se le escaparía en el desarrollo de la colección.
    Ex. The article ' Breaking out with books' describes a pilot project involving the offering of library courses to inmate library assistants and prison librarians.
    Ex. The two deflated employees exchanged looks and slipped quietly out of the room.
    Ex. To pull off the heist, the thief stole a swipe card for the complex before using the wheelchair to make off.
    Ex. As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.
    Ex. For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex. The Ndzevane Refugee Settlement in south eastern Swaziland provides a home to Swazis displaced from South Africa and those fleeing the RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique.
    Ex. Christians have of course been weaseling on this issue since Jesus himself evasively weaseled on it.
    Ex. Everyone and their mother (literally) will be ducking out from work early today to be with their nearest and dearest for the long weekend.
    * * *
    (v.) = slip away, duck away, run away, fall through + the net, break out, slip out, make off, do + a bunk, flee away, flee, weasel (on/out of), duck out

    Ex: He gradually let his original aims slip away until he was attempting the impossible -- a universal bibliography -- albeit highly selectively.

    Ex: The difficulty for teachers is that they cannot just duck away when children, individually or corporately, are set against what is being asked of them.
    Ex: Street boys like Slake, a dodger used to running away, do not, even when they are myopic and dreamers, allow themselves to bump into lampposts.
    Ex: For several years the library has had a successful arrangement with a local bookstore to supply it with unusual and important local material that would otherwise fall through the net of its collection development effort = Desde hace varios años, la biblioteca mantiene un acuerdo satisfactorio con una librería local para que le suministre fondo local importante y poco común que, de otro modo, se le escaparía en el desarrollo de la colección.
    Ex: The article ' Breaking out with books' describes a pilot project involving the offering of library courses to inmate library assistants and prison librarians.
    Ex: The two deflated employees exchanged looks and slipped quietly out of the room.
    Ex: To pull off the heist, the thief stole a swipe card for the complex before using the wheelchair to make off.
    Ex: As soon as the advance was paid however the manager did a bunk with the money, around £100000, and was never seen nor heard of again.
    Ex: For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex: The Ndzevane Refugee Settlement in south eastern Swaziland provides a home to Swazis displaced from South Africa and those fleeing the RENAMO terrorists in Mozambique.
    Ex: Christians have of course been weaseling on this issue since Jesus himself evasively weaseled on it.
    Ex: Everyone and their mother (literally) will be ducking out from work early today to be with their nearest and dearest for the long weekend.

    * * *

    ■escaparse verbo reflexivo
    1 to escape, run away, get away: le llamaré antes de que se me escape, I'll phone him before he gets away
    2 (una oportunidad, transporte) se me escapó el autobús, I missed the bus
    3 (gas, líquido) to leak, escape
    4 (salvarse) me escapé de una buena bronca, I escaped a good telling-off
    ' escaparse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    irse
    - salirse
    - deslizar
    - escabullirse
    - escapar
    - escurrir
    - ir
    English:
    break away
    - escape
    - get away
    - leak
    - run off
    - shave
    - slip
    - squeak
    - break
    - elude
    - get
    - run
    - skive off
    - turn
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [huir] to get away, to escape (de from);
    se escaparon de la cárcel they escaped from prison;
    escaparse de casa to run away from home;
    se me escaparon las cabras the goats got away from me;
    no te escapes, que quiero hablar contigo don't run off, I want to talk to you
    2. [librarse]
    me escapé de milagro [de accidente] I escaped by a miracle;
    siempre se escapa de hacer las camas he always gets out of making the beds;
    Fam
    ¡de esta no te escaparás! you're not going to get out of this one!
    3. [en carrera] to break away;
    Herrera se escapó en solitario Herrera broke away on his own
    4. [sujeto: gas, agua] to leak;
    el aire se escapa por un agujero the air is leaking out through a hole
    5. [sin querer]
    se me escapó la risa/una palabrota I let out a laugh/an expletive;
    Fam
    se me ha escapado un pedo I've just farted;
    ¡era un secreto! – lo siento, se me escapó it was a secret! - I'm sorry, it just slipped out
    6. [irse]
    se me escapó el tren I missed the train;
    se me escapó la ocasión the opportunity slipped by
    7. [quedar fuera del alcance] to escape, to elude;
    los motivos de su comportamiento se me escapan the reasons for her behaviour are beyond me
    8. [pasar inadvertido]
    a tu madre no se le escapa nada your mother doesn't miss a thing;
    se me escapó lo que dijo I missed what he said
    9. [sujeto: punto de tejido] to drop;
    se te han escapado unos puntos you've dropped a couple of stitches
    * * *
    v/r
    1 ( huir) escape (de from); de casa run away (de from);
    :
    se me ha escapado el tren I missed the train
    3
    :
    no se te escapa nada nothing gets past you o escapes you
    * * *
    vr
    : to escape notice, to leak out
    * * *
    1. (lograr salir, huir) to escape
    2. (líquido, gas, aire) to leak
    3. (transporte) to miss
    4. (secreto) to slip out [pt. & pp. slipped]
    no quería decírselo, pero se me escapó I didn't mean to tell him, but it slipped out
    escaparse de las manos to slip out of your hands [pt. & pp. slipped]
    escapársele la risa to burst out laughing [pt. & pp. burst]

    Spanish-English dictionary > escaparse

  • 5 fuga

    f.
    1 escape (huida).
    darse a la fuga to take flight
    fuga de cerebros brain drain
    2 leak (escape).
    3 fugue (Music).
    4 jailbreak.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: fugar.
    * * *
    1 (huida) flight, escape
    2 (escape) leak
    3 MÚSICA fugue
    \
    darse a la fuga to take flight
    poner en fuga to put to flight
    fuga de cerebros brain drain
    fuga de divisas flight of capital
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) flight, escape
    2) leak
    * * *
    I
    SF
    1) [gen] flight, escape; [de enamorados] elopement

    darse a la o ponerse en fuga — to flee, take flight

    fuga de la cárcel — escape from prison, jailbreak

    2) [de gas] leak, escape
    3) (=ardor) ardour, ardor (EEUU), impetuosity
    II
    SF (Mús) fugue
    * * *
    1) ( huida) escape
    2) (de líquido, gas) leak, escape (frml)
    3) (Mús) fugue
    * * *
    1) ( huida) escape
    2) (de líquido, gas) leak, escape (frml)
    3) (Mús) fugue
    * * *
    fuga1
    1 = getaway, escape, flight.

    Ex: The article 'The great getaway' reviews a range of multimedia CD-ROM databases designed to assist in holiday travel planning.

    Ex: The public library is a way of escape from the narrow area of our individual lives into the field, finite, no doubt, but unbounded, of the wisdom and experience of all mankind.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    * accidente en el que el causante se da a la fuga = hit-and-run accident.
    * a la fuga = on the run, on the lam.
    * conductor que se da a la fuga tras causar un accidente o atropello = hit-and-run driver.
    * darse a la fuga = flee, lam (it), go into + hiding, make + a quick getaway, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * fuga de cerebros = brain drain.
    * fuga de la cárcel = prison break, jailbreak [gaolbreak, UK], gaolbreak [jailbreak, US].
    * fuga de la prisión = prison break, jailbreak [gaolbreak, UK], gaolbreak [jailbreak, US].
    * fuga por amor = elopement.

    fuga2
    2 = leakage, outflow, leak, seepage.

    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.

    Ex: A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.
    Ex: Water can enter computer rooms from numerous sources: air conditioners; roof, floor, and wall leaks; backed-up floor drains; and fire sprinklers.
    Ex: The location, rate of flow, and turbidity (clear or murky) are the critical factors when evaluating the seriousness of seepage from a dam.
    * fuga de agua = water leakage, water leak.
    * fuga de gas = gas leak.
    * fuga de gas tóxico = toxic gas leak.
    * tener una fuga = have + a leak.

    * * *
    A (huida) escape
    la fuga de prisioneros que tuvo lugar el mes pasado the jailbreak o escape that took place last month
    poner a algn en fuga to put sb to flight
    Compuestos:
    ● fuga de capitales or divisas
    flight of capital
    brain drain
    B (de un líquido, gas) leak, escape ( frml)
    C ( Mús) fugue
    * * *

     

    Del verbo fugarse: ( conjugate fugarse)

    se fuga es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    fuga sustantivo femenino
    1 ( huida) escape;

    se dieron a la fuga they fled;
    fuga de capitales or divisas flight of capital;
    fuga de cerebros brain drain
    2 (de líquido, gas) leak, escape (frml)
    3 (Mús) fugue
    fuga sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una persona) escape, flight
    fuga de cerebros, brain drain
    2 (de un líquido, gas, etc) leak
    ' fuga' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escapada
    - tentativa
    - divisa
    - escape
    - huida
    English:
    bolt
    - brain
    - breakout
    - escape
    - flight
    - jailbreak
    - get
    - hit
    - rout
    * * *
    fuga nf
    1. [huida] escape;
    darse a la fuga to take flight;
    poner a alguien en fuga to rout sb, to put sb to flight
    fuga de capitales capital flight;
    fuga de cerebros brain drain;
    fuga de divisas capital flight
    2. [de gas, líquido] leak
    3. Mús fugue
    * * *
    f
    1 escape;
    fuga masiva mass escape;
    2 de gas, agua leak
    * * *
    fuga nf
    1) huida: flight, escape
    2) : fugue
    3) : leak
    fuga de gas: gas leak
    * * *
    fuga n
    1. (de persona) escape
    2. (de gas, agua) leak
    darse a la fuga to run away [pt. ran; pp. run]
    Si fuese en coche sería to drive away [pt. drove; pp. driven; a caballo o en bicicleta sería to ride [pt. rode; pp. ridden

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuga

  • 6 (у)бежать

    гл.
    1. to escape; 2. to get out; 3. to get away; 4. to flee; 5. to break through; 6. to break away/free/loose; 7. to run away/off
    Русские глаголы бежать/убежать не уточняют ни характера, ни причин, по которым совершается это действие. Наиболее близким к русским глаголам бежать/убежать эквивалентом является глагол to escape, остальные английские эквиваленты, сохраняя общее значение to escape подчеркивают причину, способ или направление этого действия.
    1. to escape — бежать, убежать, убегать, ускользать, избежать, спасаться (глагол to escape имеет общее значение избежать, убежать или уйти от опасности/уйти от неприятности как уже наступивших, так и только грозящих наступить в скором времени; глагол to escape не указывает на способ, как избежать опасности; он может относиться как к человеку, который уже испытывает трудности или неприятности, находится в опасности, так и к тому, кому они только еще грозят): to escape from prison — бежать из тюрьмы; to escape death — спастись от смерти; to escape danger (punishment) — избежать опасности (наказания) Не escaped with scratches. — Он отделался царапинами. It escaped me/my observation. — Это ускользнуло от моего внимания. Нis name escapes me/my memory. — Никак не могу вспомнить его имя. How can we know whether any gas escapes? — Как определить, нет ли утечки газа?
    2. to get out — бежать, убежать ( откуда-либо), вырваться, совершить побег (если есть риск того, что здесь может что-либо произойти в скором времени): Eventually we began to realize there was no way of getting out. — Наконец мы начали осознавать, что у нас нет никакой возможности убежать. All tourists and journalists are being advised to get out of the country as soon as possible. — Всем туристам и журналистам советуют, как можно скорее покинуть страну. Those cartons shouldn't be stacked against the door — it would be impossible to get out in an emergency — Нe надо ставить эти коробки к двери — в случае опасности они будут мешать выходу. People were running panic-stricken along the corridors desperate to get out of the burning building. — Люди в панике бежали по коридорам, отчаянно пытаясь выбраться из горящего здания. No one has ever managed to get out of this prison alive. — Никто еще не смог выбраться из этой тюрьмы ( живым). The doors and windows are all firmly locked — I don't know how we are going to get out. — Все двери и окна крепко заперты — я не знаю, как нам отсюда выбраться.
    3. to get away — бежать, убежать, избежать опасности (особенно непосредственно перед тем, как она может произойти): The streets are blocked with women and children, trying to get away into surrounding country side. — Все улицы запружены женщинами и детьми, пытающимися убежать из города. How could you let him get away? — Как вы допустили, что он убежал? The police believe the gunmen got away in a white Ford pick-up. — Полиция считает, что налетчики скрылись в белом пикапе «Форд».
    4. to flee — бежать, убежать, спасаться бегством ( как можно скорее от грозящей большой опасности): to flee the country — бежать из страны Up to five million refugees have fled to other countries. — Около пяти миллионов беженцев бежали в другие страны. The enemy fled in disorder. — Враг бежал в беспорядке. The clouds fled before the wind. — Ветер гнал облака. The earthquake victims have been forced to flee their homes. — Жертвы землетрясения были вынуждены бежать из своих домов. The police caught up with one of the gang, but the other three fled away. — Полиция нагнала одного из бандитов, но остальном удалось бежать.
    5. to break through — бежать, убежать, совершить побег ( особенно групповой и тщательно подготовленный): We are going to try to break through, are you coming with us? — Мы собираемся бежать, вы с нами?
    6. to break away/free/loose — бежать, убежать, вырваться (особенно от кого-либо, кто вас держит). With a violent twist he broke free and ran out of the room. — Резким движением он вырвался и бросился бежать вон из комнаты. One of the prisoners broke loose but was shot before he reached the fence. — Один из заключенных вырвался, но был застрелен прежде, чем добрался до забора.
    7. to run away/off — бежать, убежать, убегать, удирать ( от опасности или преследования): It is no use running away — the whole place is surrounded by police. — Нет смысла бежать, это место окружено полицией. We knew that if we run away from those dogs, they would probably attack us, so we moved slowly backwards towards the car. — Мы знали, что если побежим, то собаки могут наброситься на нас, поэтому мы медленно пятились к машине.

    Русско-английский объяснительный словарь > (у)бежать

  • 7 u|jść2

    pf — u|chodzić1 impf (ujdę, ujdziesz, ujdzie, uszedł, uszła, uszli — uchodzę) vi 1. (wydobyć się) [gaz, ciepło, dym, ciecz] to leak (out), to escape
    - powietrze uszło z dętki a tube deflated a. ran flat
    2. (nie wywołać konsekwencji) [wykroczenie, błąd, złe zachowanie] to go unpunished
    - postępki/niedbalstwa uchodzą mu bezkarnie his misdeeds/acts of negligence go unpunished
    - wiele mu uchodziło, bo był lubiany he could get away with a lot because they liked him
    - nie ujdzie ci/mu to płazem a. na sucho you/he will not get away with it
    - brał i dawał łapówki, ale uszło mu to płazem he bribed and was brided but got away with it
    3. książk. (uniknąć) [osoba] to escape vt (czemuś sth)
    - cudem ujść śmierci to miraculously escape death
    - śmierci nikt nie ujdzie none will escape the tomb książk.
    - uszedł/uszła karze he/she went unpunished
    4. książk. (uciec) to flee (komuś/czemuś (from) sb/sth); to escape vt (komuś/czemuś sb/sth)
    - uszedł policji/prześladowaniom he fled (from) the police/persecution
    - ledwie uszli z życiem a. cało they narrowly escaped with their lives
    - w rozsypce uszli z placu boju put to rout, they fled the battlefield
    - pomogli mu ujść pogoni they helped him evade pursuit
    5. (umknąć) [słowa, widok, fakty] to escape
    - ujść czyjejś uwadze a. uwagi to escape sb’s attention a. notice
    - ujść czyjemuś wzrokowi a. czyimś oczom to escape unseen a. unnoticed by sb
    ■ ujdzie (w tłoku) pot. it is passable, it will do

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > u|jść2

  • 8 entusiasmarse

    1 to get enthusiastic ( con, about), get excited ( con, about)
    2 (gustar) to love ( con, -), like ( con, -)
    * * *
    VPR to get enthusiastic, get excited (con, por about)

    se ha quedado entusiasmada con el vestido — she loves the dress, she is delighted with the dress

    * * *
    (v.) = excite, work up + an enthusiasm, fire up, go into + raptures
    Ex. Finally, we cannot help being excited by the fact that we, as a profession, find ourselves, for better or worse, embedded in the eye of the storm of significant change.
    Ex. For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex. The sheer margin of the challenger's victory over the incumbent is a sign that the Democratic base is really fired up, and that Bush could be an albatross.
    Ex. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.
    * * *
    (v.) = excite, work up + an enthusiasm, fire up, go into + raptures

    Ex: Finally, we cannot help being excited by the fact that we, as a profession, find ourselves, for better or worse, embedded in the eye of the storm of significant change.

    Ex: For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    Ex: The sheer margin of the challenger's victory over the incumbent is a sign that the Democratic base is really fired up, and that Bush could be an albatross.
    Ex: Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.

    * * *

    ■entusiasmarse verbo reflexivo to get excited o enthusiastic [con, about]
    ' entusiasmarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    embalarse
    - emocionar
    - entusiasmar
    - ilusionar
    English:
    enthuse
    - go for
    - rave
    - seize on
    - seize upon
    - excited
    * * *
    vpr
    to get excited ( con about);
    con cualquier cosa se entusiasma he gets excited about the slightest thing;
    no te entusiasmes demasiado, que no hay nada seguro aún don't get too excited, there's nothing settled yet
    * * *
    v/r get excited, get enthusiastic ( con about)
    * * *
    vr
    : to get excited
    * * *
    entusiasmarse vb to get excited

    Spanish-English dictionary > entusiasmarse

  • 9 dejar frío y vacío

    (v.) = leave + Nombre + cold and empty
    Ex. For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    * * *
    (v.) = leave + Nombre + cold and empty

    Ex: For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dejar frío y vacío

  • 10 despertar el entusiasmo

    (v.) = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm
    Ex. This paper describes how a middle grade school teacher uses a core list of books to capture the imagination of his students and to encourage them to write honestly about their lives.
    Ex. For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.
    * * *
    (v.) = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm

    Ex: This paper describes how a middle grade school teacher uses a core list of books to capture the imagination of his students and to encourage them to write honestly about their lives.

    Ex: For this is the way with these common people; they will work up an enthusiasm one minute, and an hour later it will have fled away and left them cold and empty.

    Spanish-English dictionary > despertar el entusiasmo

  • 11 huido

    adj.
    fugitive, on the run (que ha huido).
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: huir.
    * * *
    huido, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=escapado) [criminal] fugitive; [esclavo] runaway

    los tres terroristas huidos — the three terrorists on the run, the three fugitive terrorists

    2) (=receloso) elusive
    2.
    SM / F fugitive
    huida
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) ( prófugo)
    b) ( receloso)

    anda or está huido últimamente — he's been keeping himself to himself o keeping a low profile recently

    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) ( prófugo)
    b) ( receloso)

    anda or está huido últimamente — he's been keeping himself to himself o keeping a low profile recently

    * * *
    huido -da
    1
    (prófugo): se encuentra huido he is on the run
    2
    (receloso): anda or está huido desde que perdió su trabajo he's been keeping himself to himself since he lost his job
    * * *

    Del verbo huir: ( conjugate huir)

    huido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    huido    
    huir
    huir ( conjugate huir) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( escapar) to flee (liter or journ), escape;


    huido del país to flee the country
    b) ( tratar de evitar) huido de algo to avoid sth;

    huidole a algn to avoid sb
    huido,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino escapee, fugitive
    huir verbo intransitivo
    1 (escapar) to run away [de, from], flee: huyeron a Méjico, they fled to México
    está huyendo de la justicia, he's on the run from the law ➣ Ver nota en escape
    2 (esquivar, rehuir) to avoid: huye de las personas, she avoids people
    huyo de esas situaciones, I avoid that kind of situation
    ' huido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    huida
    - suelta
    - suelto
    * * *
    huido, -a adj
    1. [fugitivo]
    se busca a dos presos huidos two escaped prisoners are being hunted;
    están huidos de la justicia they are on the run (from the law);
    la joven se encuentra huida de su domicilio desde el lunes the young woman ran away from home last Monday
    2. [reservado] withdrawn
    * * *
    adj on the run

    Spanish-English dictionary > huido

  • 12 huida

    f.
    escape, flight.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: huir.
    * * *
    1 flight, escape
    2 (de caballo) shying, bolting
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=fuga) escape, flight liter

    la huida de Egipto — (Biblia) the flight from Egypt

    2) [de capital, inversores] flight
    3) [de un caballo] bolt
    huido
    * * *
    a) ( fuga) flight
    b) (Equ) bolting
    * * *
    Ex. The article 'The great getaway' reviews a range of multimedia CD-ROM databases designed to assist in holiday travel planning.
    ----
    * huida blanca = white flight.
    * huida de = flight from.
    * huida de la realidad = escape from reality.
    * * *
    a) ( fuga) flight
    b) (Equ) bolting
    * * *

    Ex: The article 'The great getaway' reviews a range of multimedia CD-ROM databases designed to assist in holiday travel planning.

    * huida blanca = white flight.
    * huida de = flight from.
    * huida de la realidad = escape from reality.

    * * *
    A (fuga) flight
    los ladrones emprendieron la huida the thieves took flight ( frml)
    Compuesto:
    ( period); leap in the dark
    B ( Equ) bolting
    * * *

    huida sustantivo femenino ( fuga) flight;

    huido,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino escapee, fugitive
    huida sustantivo femenino flight, escape

    ' huida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escape
    - estampida
    - escapada
    - fuga
    English:
    escape
    - flight
    - getaway
    - get
    * * *
    huida nf
    escape, flight;
    el ladrón abandonó la moto y continuó su huida a pie the thief abandoned the motorbike and continued to flee on foot;
    los refugiados tuvieron que abandonar todo en su huida del país the refugees had to leave everything behind when they fled the country;
    emprender la huida to take flight;
    la ley es una huida hacia delante the law is an attempt to stay one step ahead of events;
    huida de capitales capital flight;
    la huida a Egipto [en Biblia] the flight to Egypt
    * * *
    f flight, escape
    * * *
    huida nf
    : flight, escape
    * * *
    huida n escape

    Spanish-English dictionary > huida

  • 13 ערק

    עֲרַקch. (preced.; cmp. ברח) to flee, run. Targ. Gen. 14:10; a. fr.B. Mets.84a אבוך ע׳ … ואת עֲרִיק ללודקיא (Ms. M. ברח) thy father fled (from persecution) to A., flee thou to Laodicea; Y.Maasr.III, 50d bot. עד דעַרְקַתוכ׳ (I shall call thee so,) until thou runnest away and goest Gen. R. s. 31 (עָרְקִין) עֲרִיקִין הוינן מן קומיוכ׳ we were fugitives from a (Roman) troop, and living in, v. בְּטִיטָא; Y.Pes.I, beg.27a כד הוינן ערקיןוכ׳. Ab. Zar.16a דכי שלים … מֵעֲרַק עַרְקֵי for when their weapons (missiles) are spent, they run away (and do not attack with their shields). Y.Sabb.XVI, end, 15d פריס … ונורא עַרְקָא מינה he spread his cloak …, and the fire fled from it (v. גָּדִישָׁא); a. fr.Gitt.78a, v. עֲדַק. Pa. עָרֵק, עַרֵק, 1) to put to flight, chase. Targ. Deut. 32:30 יְעָרְקוּן (not יֶעֶרְ׳, יְעִירְ׳). Targ. Prov. 19:26 מְעָרֵיק (ed. Wil. מְעַרֵ׳; some ed. מַעֲרִיק Af.); a. e. 2) to save. Targ. Jud. 6:11 לעָרָקָא (ed. Wil. לַעֲרָ׳ Af.). Af. אַעֲרִיק same. Targ. Job 41:20 יַעֲרִיק׳ (ed. יְעַרְק׳ Pa.). Targ. Prov. 16:28 מַעֲרִיקוכ׳ causes his friend to flee (him) (Var. מעדיק, v. עֲדַק); a. e., v. supra.

    Jewish literature > ערק

  • 14 עֲרַק

    עֲרַקch. (preced.; cmp. ברח) to flee, run. Targ. Gen. 14:10; a. fr.B. Mets.84a אבוך ע׳ … ואת עֲרִיק ללודקיא (Ms. M. ברח) thy father fled (from persecution) to A., flee thou to Laodicea; Y.Maasr.III, 50d bot. עד דעַרְקַתוכ׳ (I shall call thee so,) until thou runnest away and goest Gen. R. s. 31 (עָרְקִין) עֲרִיקִין הוינן מן קומיוכ׳ we were fugitives from a (Roman) troop, and living in, v. בְּטִיטָא; Y.Pes.I, beg.27a כד הוינן ערקיןוכ׳. Ab. Zar.16a דכי שלים … מֵעֲרַק עַרְקֵי for when their weapons (missiles) are spent, they run away (and do not attack with their shields). Y.Sabb.XVI, end, 15d פריס … ונורא עַרְקָא מינה he spread his cloak …, and the fire fled from it (v. גָּדִישָׁא); a. fr.Gitt.78a, v. עֲדַק. Pa. עָרֵק, עַרֵק, 1) to put to flight, chase. Targ. Deut. 32:30 יְעָרְקוּן (not יֶעֶרְ׳, יְעִירְ׳). Targ. Prov. 19:26 מְעָרֵיק (ed. Wil. מְעַרֵ׳; some ed. מַעֲרִיק Af.); a. e. 2) to save. Targ. Jud. 6:11 לעָרָקָא (ed. Wil. לַעֲרָ׳ Af.). Af. אַעֲרִיק same. Targ. Job 41:20 יַעֲרִיק׳ (ed. יְעַרְק׳ Pa.). Targ. Prov. 16:28 מַעֲרִיקוכ׳ causes his friend to flee (him) (Var. מעדיק, v. עֲדַק); a. e., v. supra.

    Jewish literature > עֲרַק

  • 15 τρέπω

    τρέπω, Il.8.399, etc.: [tense] fut.
    A

    τρέψω 15.261

    , etc.: [tense] aor. 1

    ἔτρεψα 18.469

    , etc., [dialect] Ep.

    τρέψα 16.645

    : besides [tense] aor. 1 Hom. has [tense] aor. 2 ἔτρᾰπον, Od.4.294, al., also Pi.O.10(11).15 (sts. also intr., v. περιτρέπω 11 and perh. Il.16.657, cf. 111 fin.): [dialect] Aeol. [tense] aor. ἔτροπον, v. ἀνατρέπω: [tense] pf.

    τέτροφα Ar.Nu. 858

    , Anaxandr.51, ([etym.] ἀνα-) S.Tr. 1009 (lyr.), And.1.131; later

    τέτρᾰφα Din.1.108

    , ([etym.] ἀνα-) ib.30, D.18.296 (cod. S), Aeschin.1.190, 3.158 (but cf. Wackernagel Studien zum griech. Perf.15);

    ἐπι-τέτραφα Plb.30.6.6

     :—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

    τρέψομαι Hdt.1.97

    , Hp.Prog.20, E. Hipp. 1066, etc.: [tense] aor.

    ἐτρεψάμην Od.1.422

    , E.Heracl. 842: also [tense] aor. 2

    ἐτραπόμην Il.16.594

    , Hdt.2.3, al. (used also in pass. sense, ([etym.] ἀν-) Il.6.64, 14.447, and once in [dialect] Att., ([etym.] ἀν-) Pl.Cra. 395d); imper.

    τραποῦ Ar.Ra. 1248

    : [tense] pf. (v. infr.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

    τρᾰπήσομαι Plu.Nic.21

    , etc.; also

    τετράψομαι Ph.1.220

    , ([etym.] ἐπι-) Pisistr. ap. D.L.1.54: [tense] aor.

    ἐτρέφθην Hom. Epigr.14.7

    , once in Trag., E.El. 1046 (v. ἐπιτρέπω); [dialect] Ion.

    τραφθῆναι Od.15.80

    , cf. Hdt.4.12: [tense] aor. 2 ἐτράπην [pron. full] [ᾰ] A.Pers. 1029 (lyr.), Ar.Ec. 416, etc.; ἐτρέπην ([etym.] ἐν-) UPZ5.24 (ii B. C.): [tense] pf.

    τέτραμμαι Pl.R. 519b

    ; [ per.] 3pl.

    τετράφαται Thgn.42

    , cf. Il.2.25 ([etym.] ἐπι-); [ per.] 3sg. imper.

    τετράφθω 12.273

    ; part.

    τετραμμένος 19.212

    , etc.: [tense] plpf., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

    τέτραπτο Od.4.260

    ; [ per.] 3pl.

    τετράφατο Il.10.189

    .—From the [tense] aor. 2 has been formed the [tense] pres. ἐπιτρᾰπέουσι, ib. 421; cf. τραπητέον.—The [dialect] Ion. forms used by Hdt. are [tense] pres. [voice] Pass.

    τράπονται 6.33

    , al.; [ per.] 3sg. [tense] impf.

    τρέπεσκε 4.128

    ; [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.

    τραφθείς 9.56

    ; but [tense] fut. ἐπιτράψομαι is f. l. in 3.155, and in the [tense] pres. [voice] Act. and [voice] Pass. codd. vary (both forms in codd. of 2.92 ([voice] Act.),

    τρέπεται 1.117

    ,

    τράπεται 4.60

    ):—[dialect] Dor. forms, [full] τράπω EM114.19; [tense] fut.

    ἐπι-τραψῶ Schwyzer198.21

     ([place name] Crete):— turn or direct towards a thing, Hom., etc.; mostly folld. by a Prep.,

    τ. [φύσας] ἐς πῦρ Il.18.469

    ;

    ἐς ποταμὸν φλόγα 21.349

    ; εἰς εὐνὴν τράπεθ' ἥμεας show us to bed, Od.4.294 (perh. with a punning reference to ταρπώμεθα in next line);

    λέκτρονδε τραπείομεν εὐνηθέντες 8.292

     (as though τραπείομεν in Il.3.441 belonged to τρέπω and not to τέρπω; unless there is a pause after λέκτρονδε)

    ; θυμὸν εἰς ἔργον τ. Hes.Op. 316

    ;

    εἰς ἐχθροὺς βέλος A.Th. 255

    ;

    πόλεις ἐς ὕβριν Th.3.39

    ;

    τὸν ἄνθρωπον.. εἰς ἀθυμίαν D.23.194

    ;

    πρὸς ἠέλιον κεφαλήν Od.13.29

    ;

    πρὸς ὄρος πίονα μῆλα 9.315

    ;

    πρὸς εὐφροσύναν ἦτορ Pi.I.3.10

    ;

    τὰς γνώμας πρὸς χρηματισμόν Pl.Ep. 355b

    ; also

    ἐπ' ἐμπορίην θυμόν Hes.Op. 646

    , cf. Pl. Phdr. 257b, R. 508c;

    δᾶμον ἐς ἡσυχίαν Pi.P.1.70

    ;

    ἐπ' ἐχθροῖς χεῖρα S.Aj. 772

    ;

    κατὰ πληθὺν τ. θυμόν Il.5.676

    ;

    ἀντίον Ζεφύρου πρόσωπον Hes.Op. 594

    : with Advbs.,

    πάντων ὁμόσε στόματ' ἔτραπε Il.12.24

    ;

    οὐκ οἶδ' ὅποι χρὴ.. τ. ἔπος S.Ph. 897

    ;

    ἐνταῦθα σὴν φρένα E.IT 1322

    ; τὴν

    διάνοιαν ἄλλοσε Pl.R. 393a

    ;

    ἐκεῖσε τ. τὰς ἡδονάς Id.Lg. 643c

    ;

    ἐπὶ τὴν θεραπείαν τὸν λόγον Sor.2.23

    : c. inf., σέ.. ἔτραπε.. ὀργὰ παρφάμεν led thee to speak crookedly, Pi.P.9.43:—also in [voice] Med.,

    τραπέσθαι τινὰ ἐπί τι Pl.Euthd. 303c

    , cf. Chrm. 156c:—[voice] Pass.,

    κεῖται ἀνὰ πρόθυρον τετραμμένος Il.19.212

    .
    2 [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., turn one's steps, turn in a certain direction,

    τραφθῆναι ἀν' Ἑλλάδα Od.15.80

    ;

    τραφθέντες ἐς τὸ πεδίον Hdt. 9.56

    ;

    ἐς Θήβας ἐτραπόμην Id.2.3

    ; ἐπὶ Προκόννησον, ἐπ' Ἀθηνέων, Id 6.33, 5.57: with Advbs., ἀμηχανεῖν ὅποι τράποιντο which way to turn, A. Pers. 459;

    ἀμηχανῶ.. ὅπᾳ τράπωμαι Id.Ag. 1532

     (lyr.);

    πᾷ τις τράποιτ' ἄν; Id.Ch. 409

     (lyr.);

    ποῖ τρέψομαι; E.Hipp. 1066

    , cf. X.An.3.5.13;

    ποῖ χρὴ τραπέσθαι; Lys.29.2

    : c. acc. cogn., τραπέσθαι ὁδόν take a course, Hdt.1.11, cf. 9.69, Pl.Sph. 242b;

    πολλὰς ὁδοὺς τραπόμενοι κατὰ ὄρη Th.5.10

    ;

    ἐτρέφθην ἥνπερ ἦν πορεύσιμον E.El. 1046

    .
    3 in [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med. also, turn or betake oneself, εἰς ὀρχηστύν, εἰς ἀοιδήν, Od.1.422, 18.305;

    ἐπὶ ἔργα Il.3.422

    , etc.; ἐπ' ἀναιδείην Hom Epigr.14.7;

    ἐπὶ σωφροσύνην Thgn.379

    ;

    ἐπὶ ψευδέα ὁδόν Hdt.1.117

    ;

    ἐπὶ φροντίδας E.IA 646

    ;

    ἐφ' ἁρπαγήν Th.4.104

    ;

    ἐπ' εἰρήνην X.HG4.4.2

    ;

    ἐς τὸ μαίνεσθαι S.OC 1537

    ;

    ἐς ἀλκήν Th.2.84

    ;

    εἰς ἁρπαγὴν ἐπὶ τὰς οἰκίας X.HG6.5.30

    ;

    κατὰ θέαν τετραμμένοι Th.5.9

    ;

    πρὸς ἀλκήν Hdt.3.78

    ;

    πρὸς τὸ κέρδιον τραπείς S.Aj. 743

    ;

    πρὸς λῃστείαν Th.1.5

    ;

    πρὸς ἄριστον τετρ. Hdt.1.63

    ;

    πρὸς τὸν πότον Pl.Smp. 176a

    , etc.; also τ. πρός τινα betake oneself, have recourse to him, Cratin.152, X.An.4.5.30, Pl.Prt. 339e;

    ἐφ' ἱκετείαν τ. τῶν διωκόντων Id.Ap. 39a

    .
    4 [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., of places, to be turned or look in a certain direction,

    πρὸς ζόφον Od. 12.81

    ; πρὸς ἄρκτον, πρὸς νότον, etc., Hdt. 1.148, Th.2.15, etc.; also

    πρὸς τοῦ Τμώλου Hdt.1.84

    ; ἄντ' ἠελίου τετρ. straight towards, Hes. Op. 727.
    II turn, i. e. turn round or about, πάλιν τρέπειν turn back,

    ἵππους Il.8.432

    ; τινα ib. 399; ὄσσε, δόρυ, 21.415, 20.439; τὰ καλὰ τ. ἔξω turn the best side outmost, show the best side (of a garment), Pi.P.3.83:—[voice] Pass.,

    πάλιν ἐτράπετ' Il.21.468

    ;

    μή τις ὀπίσσω τετράφθω 12.273

    ; c. gen., turn from..,

    υἷος 18.138

    ; ἐτράπετ' αἰχμή the point bent back, like ἀνεγνάμφθη, 11.237; of the sun having passed the meridian,

    πόστην ἥλιος τέτραπται; Ar.Fr. 163

    , cf. Antig. Mir.60; also of the solstice, ἐπειδὰν ἐν χειμῶνι τράπηται [ὁ ἥλιος] (v.

    τροπή 1

    ) X.Mem.4.3.8, cf. Pl.Lg. 915d;

    τραπείσης τῆς ὥρας Arist. HA 628b26

    :—intr. in [voice] Act., περὶ δ' ἔτραπον ὧραι, v. περιτρέπω 11.
    2 τ. τι εἴς τινα turn upon another's head, τ. τὴν αἰτίαν, τὴν ὀργὴν εἴς τινα, Is.8.41, D.8.57; freq. in imprecations, ἐς κεφαλὴν τράποιτ' ἐμοί on my head be it! Ar.Ach. 833, cf. Hdt.2.39; εἰς σεαυτὸν τρεπέσθω on your head be it! IG4.444 ([place name] Phlius);

    ἦ κἀπ' ἐμοὶ τρέποιτ' ἂν αἰτίας τέλος; A.Eu. 434

    ;

    κατὰ σεαυτόν νυν τρέπου

     keep your ills to yourself,

    Ar.Ach. 1019

    , Nu. 1263;

    πρὸς ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς τρέψεσθε Lys.8.19

    .
    3 alter, change,

    φρένας Il.6.61

    ;

    τὰς γνώμας X.An.3.1.41

    ; [τὸ χρῶμα] Sor.1.35; [ τὸ γάλα] ib.92;

    ἔτραπεν κεῖνον μισθῷ χρυσός Pi.P.3.55

    ; deceive, Archil.166;

    ἐς κακὸν τ. τινά Pi.P.3.35

    ;

    ἅττ' ἂν ὑμεῖς ἐξαμάρτητ' ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον τρέπειν Ar.Nu. 589

     (troch.);

    ἐς γέλων τὸ πρᾶγμ' ἔτρεψας Id.V. 1261

    , cf. Hdt.7.105, etc.: [voice] Med., πρὸς τὰς ξυμφορὰς τὰς γνώμας τρέπεσθαι shift their views, Th.1.140, cf. Plu. 2.71e, etc.:—[voice] Pass., to be changed,

    τρέπεται χρώς Il.13.279

    , cf. Od. 21.413, Hes.Op. 416; τὴν χρόαν τρέπεσθαι, of animals, Plu.2.51d; τῷ χρώματι τρεπομένας, of women, Sor.1.35 (so abs., of a man, Id.Vit.Hippocr.5);

    ὁ οὕτω τρεπόμενος σφυγμός Gal.18(2).40

    ;

    τρέπεται νόος Od.3.147

    ;

    νόος ἐτράπετ' 7.263

    ;

    Διὸς ἐτράπετο φρήν Il.10.45

    ;

    τράπομαι καὶ τὴν γνώμην μετατίθεμαι Hdt.7.18

    ; ὁρῶν αὐτοὺς τετραμμένους seeing that they had changed their minds, Id.9.34, cf. Th.4.106;

    ἐπὶ τὰ βελτίω τρέπου Ar.V. 986

    : c. inf.,

    κραδίη τέτραπτο νέεσθαι Od.4.260

    ;

    ἐτράποντο.. τῷ δήμῳ.. τὰ πράγματα ἐνδιδόναι Th. 2.65

    : c. acc. cogn.,

    πλείους τραπόμενος τροπὰς τοῦ Εὐρίπου Aeschin. 3.90

    ; οἶνος τρέπεται the wine turns, becomes sour (v. τροπίας), S.E. P.1.41;

    ἡ ξανθὴ χολὴ.. εἰς τὸν ἰώδη τρέπεται χυμόν Gal.16.534

    ; ἡ ἀδελφὴ ἐπὶ τὸ κομψότερον ἐτράπη has taken a turn for the better, POxy.935.5 (iii A. D.); ἐπὶ τὸ ῥᾷον ἔδοξεν τετράφθαι ib.939.17 (iv A. D.); τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν εἰς ἄπορον τραπέντος having become destitute, PMeyer 8.14 (ii A. D.):—intr. in [voice] Act.,

    τοῦ ἄρχοντος τρέποντος εἰς δεσπότην Ph.2.562

    .
    III turn or put to flight, rout, defeat,

    τρέψω δ' ἥρωας Ἀχαιούς Il.15.261

    ;

    ἔτρεψε φάλαγγας Tyrt.12.21

    , cf. Pi.O.10 (11).15, Hdt.1.63, 4.128, Th.1.62, 4.25,33, etc.; in full,

    φύγαδε τ. Il.8.157

    ;

    εἰς φυγὴν ἔτρεψε τοὺς ἑξακισχιλίους X.An.1.8.24

    ;

    τρέψαι καὶ ἐς φυγὴν καταστῆσαι Th.7.43

     (but

    ἔτρεψαν ἐς φυγὴν πόδα

     they fled,

    E.Supp. 718

    ):—[voice] Med., [tense] pres., X.An.5.4.16, J.AJ13.2.4, Plu.Cam.29: [tense] fut., Ar.Eq. 275 (troch.): [tense] aor. 1, E.Heracl. 842, X.An.6.1.13:—[voice] Pass., to be put to flight, [tense] aor. 2

    ἐτράπην A.Pers. 1029

     (lyr.), X.Cyr.5.4.7 (v.l. ἐτράποντο), etc.: also [tense] aor. 1

    ἐτρέφθην Id.An.5.4.23

    , HG3.4.14, Cyn.12.5: [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Med.

    ἐτραπόμην Hdt.1.80

    , 9.63, etc.;

    ἐς φυγὴν τραπέσθαι Id.8.91

    , Th.8.95;

    τραπόμενοι κατέφυγον Id.4

     54;

    φυγῇ ἄλλος ἄλλῃ ἐτράπετο X.An.4.8.19

    ;

    ἐτράποντο φεύγειν Plu.Lys. 28

    , Caes.45: rarely in [tense] pf. [voice] Pass.,

    τετραμμένου φυγᾷ γένους A.Th. 952

     (lyr.):—also intr. in [voice] Act.,

    φύγαδ' ἔτραπε Il.16.657

     (unless it governs δίφρον).
    IV turn away, keep off,

    οὐκ ἄν με τρέψειαν ὅσοι θεοί εἰσ' ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ 8.451

    ;

    τ. τινὰ ἀπὸ τείχεος 22.16

    ;

    ἑκάς τινος Od.17.73

     ([voice] Med.);

    τῇ.. νόον ἔτραπεν 19.479

    : abs.,

    ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς ἔτρεψε Il.4.381

    ; of weapons,

    βέλος.. ἔτραπεν ἄλλῃ 5.187

    ;

    ἀπὸ ἔγχεος ὁρμὴν ἔτραπε Hes. Sc. 456

    .
    V overturn,

    εὐτυχοῦντα μὲν σκιά τις ἂν τρέψειεν A.Ag. 1328

     (s. v.l.);

    τ. ἄνω κάτω Id.Fr. 311

    .
    VI turn, apply,

    τ. τι ἐς ἄλλο τι Hdt.2.92

    ; τὰς ἐμβάδας ποῖ τέτροφας; what have you done with your shoes? Ar.Nu. 858;

    τὸν μόναυλον ποῖ τέτροφας; Anaxandr. 51

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    ποῖ τρέπεται.. τὰ χρήματα; Ar.V. 665

     (anap.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τρέπω

  • 16 huira

    SF And, Cono Sur
    1) (=cuerda) rope
    2) (=cabestro) halter, tether
    * * *
    femenino (Per) rope
    * * *
    femenino (Per) rope
    * * *
    ( Per)
    rope
    * * *

    Del verbo huir: ( conjugate huir)

    huirá es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) futuro indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    huir    
    huira
    huir ( conjugate huir) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( escapar) to flee (liter or journ), escape;


    huira del país to flee the country
    b) ( tratar de evitar) huira de algo to avoid sth;

    huirale a algn to avoid sb
    huira sustantivo femenino (Per) rope
    huir verbo intransitivo
    1 (escapar) to run away [de, from], flee: huyeron a Méjico, they fled to México
    está huyendo de la justicia, he's on the run from the law ➣ Ver nota en escape
    2 (esquivar, rehuir) to avoid: huye de las personas, she avoids people
    huyo de esas situaciones, I avoid that kind of situation

    Spanish-English dictionary > huira

  • 17 huya

    huyas, etc see huir
    * * *
    huyas, etc see huir
    * * *
    huya, huyas, etc
    * * *

    Del verbo huir: ( conjugate huir)

    huya es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    huir    
    huya
    huir ( conjugate huir) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( escapar) to flee (liter or journ), escape;


    huya del país to flee the country
    b) ( tratar de evitar) huya de algo to avoid sth;

    huyale a algn to avoid sb
    huya,
    ◊ huyas, etc see huir

    huir verbo intransitivo
    1 (escapar) to run away [de, from], flee: huyeron a Méjico, they fled to México
    está huyendo de la justicia, he's on the run from the law ➣ Ver nota en escape
    2 (esquivar, rehuir) to avoid: huye de las personas, she avoids people
    huyo de esas situaciones, I avoid that kind of situation

    Spanish-English dictionary > huya

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 ausfliegen

    (unreg., trennb., -ge-)
    I v/i (ist)
    1. Insekten, Vögel: fly away; (flügge werden) leave the nest
    2. umg., fig.: sie sind alle ausgeflogen they’ve all gone out (for the day), there’s nobody at home, they’ve fled hum.
    II v/t (hat) (jemanden) fly out
    * * *
    aus|flie|gen sep
    1. vi aux sein
    (= wegfliegen) to fly away or off; (aus Gebiet etc) to fly out (aus of); (= flügge werden) to leave the nest; (fig inf = weggehen) to go out

    ausgeflogen sein (fig inf) — to be out, to have gone out

    2. vt (AVIAT)
    1) Verwundete etc to evacuate (by air), to fly out (aus from)
    2) Flugzeug to fly full out
    * * *
    aus|flie·gen
    I. vi Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (das Nest verlassen) to fly off [or away]
    der Vogel ist ausgeflogen the bird has flown
    2. (fam: weggehen) to go out
    II. vt Hilfsverb: haben
    ▪ jdn [aus etw dat] \ausfliegen to fly sb [out of sth], to evacuate sb [by air/plane/helicopter] [from sth]
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein fly out

    die ganze Familie ist ausgeflogen — (fig. ugs.) the whole family has gone out [for a walk/drive etc.]

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

    jemanden/etwas ausfliegen — fly somebody/something out

    * * *
    ausfliegen (irr, trennb, -ge-)
    A. v/i (ist)
    1. Insekten, Vögel: fly away; (flügge werden) leave the nest
    2. umg, fig:
    sie sind alle ausgeflogen they’ve all gone out (for the day), there’s nobody at home, they’ve fled hum
    B. v/t (hat) (jemanden) fly out
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein fly out

    die ganze Familie ist ausgeflogen — (fig. ugs.) the whole family has gone out [for a walk/drive etc.]

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

    jemanden/etwas ausfliegen — fly somebody/something out

    * * *
    v.
    to fly out v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > ausfliegen

  • 20 abandonar

    v.
    1 to leave (place).
    María abandonó la habitación rápidamente Mary abandoned the room quickly.
    2 to leave (person).
    3 to give up (estudios).
    abandonó la carrera en el tercer año she dropped out of university in her third year, she gave up her studies in her third year
    4 to abandon, to desert, to forsake, to bail out on.
    Pedro abandonó a su familia Peter abandoned his family.
    Silvia abandonó sus sueños por Pedro Silvia abandoned her dreams for Peter.
    5 to quit, to cease trying, to desist, to give up.
    María abandonó Mary quit.
    6 to check out on.
    * * *
    1 (desamparar) to abandon, forsake
    2 (lugar) to leave, quit
    3 (actividad) to give up, withdraw from
    4 (traicionar) to desert
    5 (renunciar) to relinquish, renounce
    6 (descuidar) to neglect
    7 DEPORTE (retirarse) to withdraw from
    1 (descuidarse) to neglect oneself, let oneself go
    2 (entregarse) to give oneself up (a, to)
    3 (ceder) to give in
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dejar abandonado) [+ cónyuge, hijo] to abandon, desert; [+ animal, casa, posesiones] to abandon; [+ obligaciones] to neglect

    la abandonó por otra mujer — he abandoned o deserted her for another woman

    2) (=marcharse de) [+ lugar, organización] to leave
    3) (=renunciar a) [+ estudios, proyecto] to give up, abandon; [+ costumbre, cargo] to give up; [+ privilegio, título] to renounce, relinquish

    hemos abandonado la idea de montar un negocio — we have given up o abandoned the idea of starting a business

    si el tratamiento no da resultado lo abandonaremos — if the treatment doesn't work, we'll abandon it

    4) [buen humor, suerte] to desert
    2. VI
    1) (Atletismo) [antes de la prueba] to pull out, withdraw; [durante la prueba] to pull out, retire
    2) (Boxeo) to concede defeat, throw in the towel * o (EEUU) sponge
    3) (Ajedrez) to resign, concede
    4) (Inform) to quit
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (frml) < lugar> to leave
    b) <familia/bebé> to leave, abandon; <marido/amante> to leave; <coche/barco> to abandon
    2) fuerzas to desert
    3)
    a) <actividad/propósito/esperanza> to give up

    abandonó la lucha — he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle

    abandonar los estudios — to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) <carrera/partido> to retire, pull out
    2.
    abandonar vi (Dep)
    a) (antes de la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out
    b) (iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; ( en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    3.
    abandonarse v pron

    abandonarse a algo — a vicios/placeres to abandon oneself to something

    2) ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    * * *
    = abandon, abort, drop, eschew, give up, quit, relinquish, stop, leave + wandering in, forsake, sweep aside, desert, opt out of, scrap, pull back, ditch, surrender, bail out, bargain away, dump, maroon, flake out, leave by + the wayside, get away, desist, go + cold turkey, walk out on, walk out, jump + ship.
    Ex. The Library of Congress has now reconsidered the position, and abandoned what was known as its compatible headings policy.
    Ex. It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex. Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.
    Ex. However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex. If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex. If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.
    Ex. The Library will consider relinquishing them only when there is strong assurance that their transfer would not adversely affect the library community.
    Ex. Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.
    Ex. It is our professional duty to help the reader, leading him from author to author, book to book, with enough sure-footed confidence that he is guided up the literary mountain and not left wandering in the viewless foothills because of one's own incompetence.
    Ex. Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.
    Ex. The development of optical fibres for information transmission has exciting potential here, but there is a very large investment in the present systems which cannot be swept aside overnight.
    Ex. Recently, however, libraries have deserted the individual and have pandered too much to the needs of the general public.
    Ex. The author takes a critical look at the UK government's education policy with regard to schools' ' opting out' of local government control.
    Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex. To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.
    Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex. Instead the two ecclesiastical disputes which arose from Diocletian's decree to surrender scriptures must be seen as more disastrous to Christian unity than the destruction of libraries.
    Ex. In the article ' Bailing out' 9 of the 10 librarians interviewed admitted that they were trying to get out of librarianship partly due to unrealistic expectations learned in library school.
    Ex. Reduced support is a fact of life, and librarians cannot bargain away their budget pressures.
    Ex. The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.
    Ex. A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.
    Ex. The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.
    Ex. She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.
    Ex. Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.
    Ex. One of them sputtered and gesticulated with sufficient violence to induce us to desist.
    Ex. Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex. There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.
    Ex. At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.
    Ex. A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.
    ----
    * abandonar el barco = abandon + ship.
    * abandonar las armas = put down + weapons.
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.
    * abandonarse = go to + seed.
    * abandonarse a = abandon + Reflexivo + to.
    * abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.
    * abandonar (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * abandonar un hábito = stop + habit.
    * abandonar un lugar = quit + Lugar.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * no abandonar = stick with, stand by.
    * persona que abandona Algo = quitter.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (frml) < lugar> to leave
    b) <familia/bebé> to leave, abandon; <marido/amante> to leave; <coche/barco> to abandon
    2) fuerzas to desert
    3)
    a) <actividad/propósito/esperanza> to give up

    abandonó la lucha — he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle

    abandonar los estudios — to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) <carrera/partido> to retire, pull out
    2.
    abandonar vi (Dep)
    a) (antes de la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out
    b) (iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; ( en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    3.
    abandonarse v pron

    abandonarse a algo — a vicios/placeres to abandon oneself to something

    2) ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    * * *
    = abandon, abort, drop, eschew, give up, quit, relinquish, stop, leave + wandering in, forsake, sweep aside, desert, opt out of, scrap, pull back, ditch, surrender, bail out, bargain away, dump, maroon, flake out, leave by + the wayside, get away, desist, go + cold turkey, walk out on, walk out, jump + ship.

    Ex: The Library of Congress has now reconsidered the position, and abandoned what was known as its compatible headings policy.

    Ex: It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex: Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.
    Ex: However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.
    Ex: If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex: If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.
    Ex: The Library will consider relinquishing them only when there is strong assurance that their transfer would not adversely affect the library community.
    Ex: Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.
    Ex: It is our professional duty to help the reader, leading him from author to author, book to book, with enough sure-footed confidence that he is guided up the literary mountain and not left wandering in the viewless foothills because of one's own incompetence.
    Ex: Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.
    Ex: The development of optical fibres for information transmission has exciting potential here, but there is a very large investment in the present systems which cannot be swept aside overnight.
    Ex: Recently, however, libraries have deserted the individual and have pandered too much to the needs of the general public.
    Ex: The author takes a critical look at the UK government's education policy with regard to schools' ' opting out' of local government control.
    Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex: To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.
    Ex: It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.
    Ex: Instead the two ecclesiastical disputes which arose from Diocletian's decree to surrender scriptures must be seen as more disastrous to Christian unity than the destruction of libraries.
    Ex: In the article ' Bailing out' 9 of the 10 librarians interviewed admitted that they were trying to get out of librarianship partly due to unrealistic expectations learned in library school.
    Ex: Reduced support is a fact of life, and librarians cannot bargain away their budget pressures.
    Ex: The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.
    Ex: A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.
    Ex: The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.
    Ex: She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.
    Ex: Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.
    Ex: One of them sputtered and gesticulated with sufficient violence to induce us to desist.
    Ex: Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex: There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.
    Ex: At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.
    Ex: A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.
    * abandonar el barco = abandon + ship.
    * abandonar las armas = put down + weapons.
    * abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.
    * abandonarse = go to + seed.
    * abandonarse a = abandon + Reflexivo + to.
    * abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.
    * abandonar (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * abandonar un hábito = stop + habit.
    * abandonar un lugar = quit + Lugar.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * no abandonar = stick with, stand by.
    * persona que abandona Algo = quitter.

    * * *
    abandonar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( frml); ‹lugar› to leave
    el público abandonó el teatro the audience left the theater
    se le concedió un plazo de 48 horas para abandonar el país he was given 48 hours to leave the country
    miles de personas abandonan la capital durante el verano thousands of people leave the capital in the summer
    las tropas han comenzado a abandonar el área the troops have started to pull out of o leave the area
    abandonó la reunión en señal de protesta he walked out of the meeting in protest
    2 ‹persona›
    abandonó a su familia he abandoned o deserted his family
    lo abandonó por otro she left him for another man
    abandonó al bebé en la puerta del hospital she abandoned o left the baby at the entrance to the hospital
    abandonar a algn A algo to abandon sb TO sth
    decidió volver, abandonando al grupo a su suerte he decided to turn back, abandoning the group to its fate
    3 ‹coche/barco› to abandon
    B «fuerzas» to desert
    las fuerzas lo abandonaron y cayó al suelo his strength deserted him and he fell to the floor
    la suerte me ha abandonado my luck has run out o deserted me
    nunca lo abandona el buen humor he's always good-humored, his good humor never deserts him
    C ‹actividad/propósito› to give up
    abandonó los estudios she abandoned o gave up her studies
    ¿vas a abandonar el curso cuando te falta tan poco? you're not going to drop out of o give up the course at this late stage, are you?
    abandonó la lucha he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle
    ha abandonado toda pretensión de salir elegido he has given up o abandoned any hopes he had of being elected
    abandonó la terapia he gave up his therapy, he stopped having therapy
    ■ abandonar
    vi
    ( Dep)
    1 (antes de iniciarse la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out
    2 (una vez iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; (en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat, throw in the towel
    A
    (descuidarse): desde que tuvo hijos se ha abandonado since she had her children she's let herself go
    no te abandones y ve al médico don't neglect your health, go and see the doctor
    B (entregarse) abandonarse A algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself TO sth
    se abandonó al ocio she gave herself up to o abandoned herself to a life of leisure
    se abandonó al sueño he gave in to o succumbed to sleep, he let sleep overcome him, he surrendered to sleep
    * * *

     

    abandonar ( conjugate abandonar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (frml) ‹ lugar› to leave

    b) ‹familia/bebé› to leave, abandon;

    ‹marido/amante› to leave;
    ‹coche/barco› to abandon;

    2 [ fuerzas] to desert
    3
    a) ‹actividad/propósito/esperanza› to give up;

    ◊ abandonar los estudios to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) ‹carrera/partido› to retire from, pull out of

    verbo intransitivo (Dep)
    a) (en carrera, competición) to pull out


    (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    abandonarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( entregarse) abandonarse a algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself to sth
    2 ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    abandonar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (irse de) to leave, quit: tenemos que vernos hoy, porque mañana abandono Madrid, we've got to see eachother today because I'm leaving Madrid tomorrow
    2 (a una persona, a un animal) to abandon
    abandonar a alguien a su suerte, to leave someone to his fate
    3 (un proyecto, los estudios) to give up
    4 Dep (retirarse de una carrera) to drop out of
    (un deporte) to drop
    II vi (desfallecer) to give up: los resultados no son los esperados, pero no abandones, the results aren't as good as we expected, but don't give up
    ' abandonar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejar
    - botar
    - plantar
    English:
    abandon
    - back away
    - cast aside
    - caution
    - desert
    - drop
    - forsake
    - free
    - give up on
    - habit
    - idea
    - jettison
    - leave
    - quit
    - retire
    - scrap
    - stand by
    - throw in
    - walk out
    - ditch
    - give
    - maroon
    - stick
    - vacate
    - walk
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [lugar] to leave;
    [barco, vehículo] to abandon;
    abandonó la sala tras el discurso she left the hall after the speech;
    abandonó su pueblo para trabajar en la ciudad she left her home town for a job in the city;
    abandonar el barco to abandon ship;
    ¡abandonen el barco! abandon ship!;
    abandonar algo a su suerte o [m5] destino to abandon sth to its fate;
    los cascos azules abandonarán pronto la región the UN peacekeeping troops will soon be pulling out of the region
    2. [persona] to leave;
    [hijo, animal] to abandon;
    abandonó a su hijo she abandoned her son;
    abandonar a alguien a su suerte o [m5] destino to abandon sb to their fate;
    ¡nunca te abandonaré! I'll never leave you!
    3. [estudios] to give up;
    [proyecto] to abandon;
    abandonó la carrera en el tercer año she dropped out of university in her third year, she gave up her studies in her third year;
    han amenazado con abandonar las negociaciones they have threatened to walk out of the negotiations;
    han amenazado con abandonar la liga they have threatened to pull out of the league;
    abandonar la lucha to give up the fight
    4. [sujeto: suerte, buen humor] to desert;
    lo abandonaron las fuerzas y tuvo que retirarse his strength gave out and he had to drop out;
    nunca la abandona su buen humor she never loses her good humour
    ♦ vi
    1. [en carrera, competición] to pull out, to withdraw;
    [en ajedrez] to resign; [en boxeo] to throw in the towel;
    abandonó en el primer asalto his corner threw in the towel in the first round;
    una avería lo obligó a abandonar en la segunda vuelta a mechanical fault forced him to retire on the second lap
    2. [rendirse] to give up;
    no abandones ahora que estás casi al final don't give up now you've almost reached the end
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 lugar leave; a alguien abandon; a esposa, hijos desert; objeto abandon, dump
    2 idea give up, abandon; actividad give up, drop
    II v/i DEP pull out
    * * *
    1) dejar: to abandon, to leave
    2) : to give up, to quit
    abandonaron la búsqueda: they gave up the search
    * * *
    1. (una persona) to abandon / to leave [pt. & pp. left]
    2. (un sitio) to leave
    3. (una actividad) to give up [pt. gave; pp. given]
    4. (una competición) to withdraw [pt. withdraw; pp. withdrawn]

    Spanish-English dictionary > abandonar

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